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1 Martin, Sir James
SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace[br]b. 1893 Co. Down, Northern Irelandd. 5 January 1981 England[br]Irish military aircraft engineer, inventor of the ejector seat.[br]Martin acquired a general knowledge of engineering as an industrial worker in Belfast. In 1929 he established the Martin Aircraft Company, which was merged five years later with another concern to form the Martin-Baker Aircraft Company at Denham, Buckinghamshire. They became known for designing and constructing efficient, lightweight military aircraft, and Martin supervised personally every aspect of the work of his factory. During the Second World War they developed a number of aircraft weapons, including an explosive device carried on a bomber's wings for cutting the cables of barrage balloons, the flat-feed system for the 20 mm Hispano cannon used on British fighter planes and the twelve-gun pack mounted in the nose of the Havoc night fighter. Martin began devising means of rapid escape from a disabled fighter plane. First came a quick-release canopy for the Spitfire, followed by an improved form sliding on guides set in the fuselage. Then came the Martin-Baker seat, which ejected the pilot from his plane by an explosive charge. Ground tests were made to determine the rates of acceleration that could be tolerated by the pilot, and the first test in the air with a pilot took place in July 1946 at a speed of 320 mph (515 km/h) and an altitude of 8,000 ft (2,400 m). Its first use in a genuine emergency was in May 1949.After the Second World War, the firm specialized in making components, particularly the ejector seat, rather than complete aircraft. The higher speeds and altitudes of supersonic jet aircraft made it necessary to modify the ejector seat: a device to hold the pilot's legs together, to prevent their being broken, was incorporated. In addition, with the Institute of Aviation Medicine, Martin developed a face blind to prevent skin damage at low temperatures. Another modification was to allow the seat to fall freely for the first 10,000 ft (3,000 m) to enable the pilot to reach breathable air more quickly; in October 1959 a successful demonstration took place at 1,250 mph (2,000 km/h) and 40,000 ft (12,000 m) altitude. During the inventor's lifetime, it is estimated that his ejector seat saved the lives of some 4,700 airmen.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1965. Barbour Air Safety Award 1958. Cumberbatch Air Safety Trophy 1959. Royal Aero Club Gold Medal 1964.Further ReadingObituary, 1981, The Times.LRD -
2 Caird, Sir James
SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping[br]b. 2 January 1864 Glasgow, Scotlandd. 27 September 1954 Wimbledon, London, England[br]Scottish shipowner and shipbuilder.[br]James Caird was educated at Glasgow Academy. While the connections are difficult to unravel, it is clear he was related to the Cairds of Greenock, whose shipyard on the Clyde built countless liners for the P \& O Company, and to the Caird family who were munificent benefactors of Dundee and the Church of Scotland.In 1878 Caird joined a firm of East India Merchants in Glasgow, but later went to London. In 1890 he entered the service of Turnbull, Martin \& Co., managers of the Scottish Shire Line of Steamers; he quickly rose to become Manager, and by 1903 he was the sole partner and owner. In this role his business skill became apparent, as he pioneered (along with the Houlder and Federal Lines) refrigerated shipping connections between the United Kingdom and Australia and New Zealand. In 1917 he sold his shipping interests to Messrs Cayzer Irvine, managers of the Clan Line.During the First World War, Caird set up a new shipyard on the River Wye at Chepstow in Wales. Registered in April 1916, the Standard Shipbuilding and Engineering Company took over an existing shipbuilder in an area not threatened by enemy attacks. The purpose of the yard was rapid building of standardized merchant ships during a period when heavy losses were being sustained because of German U-boat attacks. Caird was appointed Chairman, a post he held until the yard came under full government control later in the war. The shipyard did not meet the high expectations of the time, but it did pioneer standard shipbuilding which was later successful in the USA, the UK and Japan.Caird's greatest work may have been the service he gave to the councils which helped form the National Maritime Museum at Greenwich. He used all his endeavours to ensure the successful launch of the world's greatest maritime museum; he persuaded friends to donate, the Government to transfer artefacts and records, and he gave of his wealth to purchase works of art for the nation. Prior to his death he endowed the Museum with £1.25 million, a massive sum for the 1930s, and this (the Caird Fund) is administered to this day by the Trustees of Greenwich.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsBaronet 1928 (with the title Sir James Caird of Glenfarquhar).Further ReadingFrank C.Bowen, 1950, "The Chepstow Yards and a costly venture in government shipbuilding", Shipbuilding and Shipping Record (14 December).FMW -
3 Aerospace
See also: INDEX BY SUBJECT AREA[br]Caproni, Giovanni BattistaDassault, MarcelGiffard, Baptiste Henry JacquesJohnson, Clarence LeonardKorolov, Sergei PavlovichSopwith, Sir Thomas Octave MurdochTsiolkovsky, Konstantin Eduardovich -
4 Medical technology
See also: INDEX BY SUBJECT AREA[br]Chamberlen, Peter (the elder)Fabricius, HieronymusLister, JosephMarton, Ladislaus -
5 lady
'leidi1) (a more polite form of woman: Tell that child to stand up and let that lady sit down; The lady in the flower shop said that roses are expensive just now; Ladies' shoes are upstairs in this shop; ( also adjective) a lady doctor.) dame, frue2) (a woman of good manners and refined behaviour: Be quiet! Ladies do not shout in public.) dame3) (in the United Kingdom, used as the title of, or a name for, a woman of noble rank: Sir James and Lady Brown; lords and ladies.) lady•- ladylike- Ladyship
- ladybirddameIsubst. \/ˈleɪdɪ\/1) ( høytidelig eller gammeldags) dame2) ( også lady friend) venninne (kvinnelig kjæreste), elskerinne, dame3) (gammeldags, om ektefelle) frue, hustru, kone4) (særlig amer., hverdagslig)forklaring: tiltaleform, ofte nedlatende eller irritert• listen, lady, I think you should mind your own business5) ( britisk) adelskvinne, kvinne av fornem familieit isn't over until the fat lady sings ( hverdagslig) det er fremdeles tid igjen, det er ikke slutt ennå• sit still, we can`t go till the fat lady singssitt stille, vi kan ikke gå før det er sluttLadies (tar verb i entall, hverdagslig) dametoalett, damer (på skilt)ladies and gentlemen ( tiltale) mine damer og herrerladies who lunch ( hverdagslig) forklaring: velstående kvinner som bruker tiden til å spise lunsjLady ( gammeldags) fru( tittel på adelig kvinne) ladyLady Bountiful (hverdagslig, ofte nedsettende) velgjørerinne, god fe, forklaring: kvinne som driver veldedighetlady of the house fruen i husetlady of the manor slottsfruenlady's\/ladies' dame-, kvinne-My Lady ( i tiltale) fru(e), forklaring: høflig måte å tiltale kvinnelige dommere og enkelte adelige kvinner påOur Lady Vår Frue, Jomfru MariaIIadj. \/ˈleɪdɪ\/( gammeldags) kvinnelig• surprisingly, the novel was written by a lady author -
6 Metallurgy
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7 Textiles
See also: INDEX BY SUBJECT AREA[br]Dore, Samuel GriswoldHeilmann, JosuéLevers, JohnLister, Samuel CunliffeMa JunSong Yingxing -
8 Albert, Prince Consort
[br]b. 26 August 1819 The Rosenau, near Coburg, Germanyd. 14 December 1861 Windsor Castle, England[br]German/British polymath and Prince Consort to Queen Victoria.[br]Albert received a sound education in the arts and sciences, carefully designed to fit him for a role as consort to the future Queen Victoria. After their marriage in 1840, Albert threw himself into the task of establishing his position as, eventually, Prince Consort and uncrowned king of England. By his undoubted intellectual gifts, unrelenting hard work and moral rectitude, Albert moulded the British constitutional monarchy into the form it retains to this day. The purchase in 1845 of the Osborne estate in the Isle of Wight provided not only the growing royal family with a comfortable retreat from London and public life, but Albert with full scope for his abilities as architect and planner. With Thomas Cubitt, the eminent engineer and contractor, Albert erected at Osborne one of the most remarkable buildings of the nineteenth century. He went on to design the house and estate at Balmoral in Scotland, another notable creation.Albert applied his abilities as architect and planner in the promotion of such public works as the London sewer system and, in practical form, the design of cottages for workers, such as those in south London, as well as those on the royal estates. Albert's other main contribution to technology was as educationist in a broad sense. In 1847, he was elected Chancellor of Cambridge University. He was appalled at the low standards and narrow curriculum prevailing there and at Oxford. He was no mere figurehead, but took a close and active interest in the University's affairs. With his powerful influence behind them, the reforming fellows were able to force measures to raise standards and widen the curriculum to take account, in particular, of the rapid progress in the natural sciences. Albert was instrumental in ending the lethargy of centuries and laying the foundations of the modern British university system.In 1847 the Prince became Secretary of the Royal Society of Arts. With Henry Cole, the noted administrator who shared Albert's concern for the arts, he promoted a series of exhibitions under the auspices of the Society. From these grew the idea of a great exhibition of the products of the decorative and industrial arts. It was Albert who decided that its scope should be international. As Chairman of the organizing committee, by sheer hard work he drove the project through to a triumphant conclusion. The success of the Exhibition earned it a handsome profit for which Albert had found a use even before it closed. The proceeds went towards the purchase of a site in South Kensington, for which he drew up a grand scheme for a complex of museums and colleges for the education of the people in the sciences and the arts. This largely came to fruition and South Kensington today is a fitting memorial to the Prince Consort's wisdom and concern for the public good.[br]Further ReadingSir Theodore Martin, 1875–80, The Life of His Royal Highness, the Prince Consort, 5 vols, London; German edn 1876; French edn 1883 (the classic life of the Prince).R.R.James, 1983, Albert, Prince Consort: A Biography, London: Hamish Hamilton (the standard modern biography).L.R.Day, 1989, "Resources for the study of the history of technology in the Science Museum Library", IATUL Quarterly 3:122–39 (provides a short account of the rise of South Kensington and its institutions).LRD
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